Luckily I had a snapshot from the day before after installing the faulty april update. 
I've cloned my vm and did some tests - it seems that I have a resolution at least for my problem.
In the preferences of my vm I limited the CPU to one and the memory to 2GB and removed the USB- and Buetooth-entry from hardware tab.
--> I think the last setting did the trick.
With this settings I was able to install the windows april update (1803) from a mounted ISO-file.
Currently I'm trying to do this again but with online update and only with removed USB- and Bluetooth devices.
If this works I'll try to update my original vm...
Last edited: May 16, 2018